Cosmology.jl is the cosmology calculator for Julia. After you define a cosmological model, you can use it to perform some operations like computation of angular diameter distance or comoving radial distance at given redshift values, or calculate the age of the Universe in a certain cosmological model at a specific redshift.

The package doesn’t have a full documentation, but the information in the README.md file should be sufficient to get you started, if you’re already familiar with the topic.

Cosmology.jl is a registered package, so you can install it in the Julia REPL with the package manager:

pkg> add Cosmology


## New release

A few days ago version v0.5.0 has been released. The main new feature is the long-awaited integration with Unitful.jl and UnitfulAstro.jl. This means that the functions defined in this package now return a number with proper physical units. For example:

julia> using Cosmology

julia> c = cosmology(h=0.7, OmegaM=0.3, OmegaR=0, w0=-0.9, wa=0.1)
Cosmology.FlatWCDM{Float64}(0.7, 0.0, 0.7, 0.3, 0.0, -0.9, 0.1)

2162.83342244173 Mpc


Previously, instead, the units were attached to the name of the function, without possibility to easily change units. These methods are now deprecated:

julia> comoving_radial_dist_mpc(c, 0.6)
┌ Warning: comoving_radial_dist_mpc(c::AbstractCosmology, z; kws...) is deprecated, use ustrip(comoving_radial_dist(c::AbstractCosmology, z; kws...)) instead.
│   caller = top-level scope at none:0
└ @ Core none:0
2162.83342244173


In addition, now you can select a different unit for the output by simply passing the desired output unit as first argument:

julia> using Unitful

7.054219146683016e9 ly


## Integration with Measurements.jl

Cosmology.jl is one of the several examples of how easy is in Julia to combine together structures from different and independent packages. Thanks to Julia’s type system:

• the data structure used in this package to represent a cosmological model and the units data structure in Unitful.jl don’t know anything about each other (in Cosmology.jl the numbers are just multiplied by the appropriate unit, in the most natural way possible),
• units in Unitful and the Measurement structure in Measurements.jl don’t know anything about each other,
• by now you can already tell that Measurement and the data structure for cosmological models don’t know anything about each other,

yet, we can use numbers with uncertainties as parameters of cosmological models or for the redshift. This enable use to propagate the uncertainties through the operations performed by Cosmology.jl getting the results with the appropriate physical units.

As an example, we can define a cosmological model using the parameters determined by the Planck collaboration in 2015:

julia> using Cosmology, Measurements

julia> planck2015 = cosmology(h=0.6774±0.0046, OmegaM=0.3089±0.0062, Tcmb=2.718±0.021, Neff=3.04±0.33)
Cosmology.FlatLCDM{Measurement{Float64}}(0.6774 ± 0.0046, 0.6910099044166828 ± 0.006200002032729847, 0.3089 ± 0.0062, 9.009558331733912e-5 ± 5.020543222494152e-6)


Now we calculate the comoving volume at redshift z = 3.62±0.04:

julia> z = 3.62 ± 0.04
3.62 ± 0.04

julia> cv = comoving_volume(planck2015, z)
1471.004984671155 ± 45.25029615715926 Gpc^3


Measurements.jl provides a utility, Measurements.uncertainty_components, to determine the contribution to the total uncertainty of a quantity:

julia> Measurements.uncertainty_components(cv.val)
Dict{Tuple{Float64,Float64,UInt64},Float64} with 5 entries:
(3.04, 0.33, 0x0000000000000005)     => 0.0499315
(0.3089, 0.0062, 0x0000000000000003) => 27.5208
(3.62, 0.04, 0x0000000000000006)     => 19.8259
(0.6774, 0.0046, 0x0000000000000002) => 29.952
(2.718, 0.021, 0x0000000000000004)   => 0.0348057


This means that the major contributions to the uncertainty of cv comes from the Hubble parameter (0.6774±0.0046) and the matter density (0.3089±0.0062).

We can also compute, in this cosmological model, the age of the Universe today and at redshift z = 1.42:

julia> age(planck2015, 0) # Age of the Universe today
13.79748128449975 ± 0.12164948254546123 Gyr

julia> age(planck2015, 1.42) # Age of the Universe at redshift z = 1.42
4.481579852131797 ± 0.05168067053818648 Gyr


lookback_time gives the difference between age at redshift 0 and age at redshift z:

julia> lookback_time(planck2015, 1.42)
9.315901432385681 ± 0.07270835053850357 Gyr


Note that uncertainties are always propagated taking care of the correlation between quantities. Indeed, we can check that the sum of the lookback time at redshift z and the age of the Universe at the same redshift is equal to the age of the Universe today, up to numerical errors of the integrals involved in the calculations:

julia> lookback_time(planck2015, 1.42) + age(planck2015, 1.42)
13.797481284517477 ± 0.12164948254345108 Gyr