Let me introduce a package I recently wrote: RandomBasedArrays.jl, a hassle-free package in the Julia programming language for dealing with arrays. Every time you access an element of an array, the first index is random, so this package relieves you from having to remember whether Julia uses 0- or 1-based indexing: you simply cannot ever know what the initial element will be. As an additional benefit, you can use any Int to index a RandomBasedArray.

image

Image credit: “xkcd: Donald Knuth” (CC-BY-NC 2.5)

Motivation

This package takes a new stance in the longstanding debate whether arrays should have 0-based or 1-based indexing.

The main motivation for this package is that I’m sick of reading about this debate. It is incredibly hard to convince people that there is no “one size fits all” indexing in programming, both alternatives have their merits:

  • 0-based indexing is natural every time you deal with offsets, e.g. when referencing memory addresses, or when doing modular arithmetic
  • 1-based indexing is natural when you are counting elements: the 1st element is “1”, the 2nd element is “2”, etc…

It is pointless to claim the superiority of one indexing over the other one, as they’re useful in different situations.

As a matter of fact, many “math-oriented” languages (e.g., Fortran, Julia, Mathematica, MATLAB, R), that are less likely to fiddle with pointers’ addresses, default to 1-based indexing, even though probably the majority of the programming languages nowadays uses 0-based indexing.

Many people claim superiority of 0-based indexing over 1-based indexing because of a popular note by Edsger W. Dijkstra: “Why numbering should start at zero”. However, I personally find this note unconvincing and partial, mainly based on subjective arguments (like elegance and ugliness) rather than really compelling reasons. That said, 0-based indexing is certainly useful in many situations.

A good programming language, whatever indexing convention it uses, should provide an abstraction layer to let users forget which is the initial index. For example, Fortran has lbound to reference the first element of an array. Besides the first function to reference the first element of a collection, the Julia programming language has different utilities to iterate over collections:

  • arrays are iterables, this means that you can write a for loop like

    for element in my_array
    # do things with the `element`...
end

    without using indices at all

  • the length function gives you the length of a collection, so that Dijkstra’s argument about the length of a sequence remains aesthetic rather than practical
  • eachindex is a function that returns an iterable object with all the indices of the array.

Some times you need to use the indices of an array and know which is the first one. In this case, the abstraction layer above is not useful. Thus, I think it is important for a programming language to provide also a way to easily switch to the most appropriate indexing for the task at hand. In Fortran you can set a different initial index for an array with the dimension statement. Julia allows you to define custom indices for you new array-like type, as described in the documentation. The most notable application of custom indices is probably the OffsetArrays.jl package. Other use cases of custom indices are shown in this blog post.

Usage

Let’s come to RandomBasedArrays.jl. You can install it with Julia built-in package manager. In a Julia session, after entering the package manager mode with ], run the command

pkg> add RandomBasedArrays

After that, just run using RandomBasedArrays in the REPL to load the package. It defines a new AbstractArray type, RandomBasedArray, which is a thin wrapper around any other AbstractArray.

julia> using RandomBasedArrays

julia> A = RandomBasedArray(reshape(collect(1:12), 3, 4))
3×4 Array{Int64,2}:
 10  2  6   6
  8  9  1  11
  7  8  8   7

Every time you access an element, you conveniently get a random element of the parent array, making any doubt about first index go away. This means that you can use any Int as index, including negative numbers:

julia> A[-35]
6

julia> A[-35]
9

julia> A[-35]
4

You can also set elements of the array in the usual way, just remember that you’ll set a random element of the parent array:

julia> A[28,-19] = 42
42

julia> A
5×5 Array{Int64,2}:
 13  16   3  25   9
 23  20  16  18   1
  5  17  21   6   8
  5   3  42  10  13
 25   6  23   4  11

julia> A
5×5 Array{Int64,2}:
  9  25  25   3   3
  4  14   9   7  18
 22  14  13  21   2
 11  12  19  14  19
 19   2  21   2  21

There are other Julia packages that play with different indexing of arrays, e.g.:

  • OffsetArrays.jl: Fortran-like arrays with arbitrary, zero or negative starting indices
  • StarWarsArrays.jl: array indexing based on numbering of Star Wars episode. Also Machete order is accepted
  • TwoBasedIndexing.jl: Two-based indexing (note: this is currently out-of-date and doesn’t work in Julia 1.0)